INTERVIEWS 3

 73. What is Statement Auditing? - Statement auditing is the auditing of the powerful system privileges without regard to specifically named objects

74. What are the database administrators utilities available? - SQL * DBA - This allows DBA to monitor and control an ORACLE database. SQL * Loader - It loads data from standard operating system files (Flat files) into ORACLE database tables. Export (EXP) and Import (imp) utilities allow you to move existing data in ORACLE format to and from ORACLE database.

75. How can you enable automatic archiving? - Shut the database Backup the database Modify/Include LOG_ARCHIVE_START_TRUE in init.ora file. Start up the database.

76. What are roles? - How can we implement roles? - Roles are the easiest way to grant and manage common privileges needed by different groups of database users. Creating roles and assigning provides to roles. Assign each role to group of users. This will simplify the job of assigning privileges to individual users.

77. What are Roles? - Roles are named groups of related privileges that are granted to users or other roles.

78. What are the use of Roles? - REDUCED GRANTING OF PRIVILEGES - Rather than explicitly granting the same set of privileges to many users a database administrator can grant the privileges for a group of related users granted to a role and then grant only the role to each member of the group. DYNAMIC PRIVILEGE MANAGEMENT - When the privileges of a group must change, only the privileges of the role need to be modified. The security domains of all users granted the group’s role automatically reflect the changes made to the role. SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY OF PRIVILEGES - The roles granted to a user can be selectively enable (available for use) or disabled (not available for use). This allows specific control of a user’s privileges in any given situation. APPLICATION AWARENESS - A database application can be designed to automatically enable and disable selective roles when a user attempts to use the application.

79. What is Privilege Auditing? - Privilege auditing is the auditing of the use of powerful system privileges without regard to specifically named objects.

80. What is Object Auditing? - Object auditing is the auditing of accesses to specific schema objects without regard to user.

81. What is Auditing? - Monitoring of user access to aid in the investigation of database use.

82. What are the responsibilities of a Database Administrator?

1. Installing and upgrading the Oracle Server and application tools.

2. Allocating system storage and planning future storage requirements for the database system.

3. Managing primary database structures (tablespaces)

4. Managing primary objects (table, views, indexes)

5. Enrolling users and maintaining system security.

6. Ensuring compliance with Oracle license agreement

7. Controlling and monitoring user access to the database.

8. Monitoring and optimizing the performance of the database.

9. Planning for backup and recovery of database information.

10. Maintain archived data on tape

11. Backing up and restoring the database.

12. Contacting Oracle Corporation for technical support.

83. What is a trace file and how is it created? - Each server and background process can write an associated trace file. When an internal error is detected by a process or user process, it dumps information about the error to its trace. This can be used for tuning the database.

84. What is a profile? - Each database user is assigned a Profile that specifies limitations on various system resources available to the user.

85. How will you enforce security using stored procedures? - Don’t grant user access directly to tables within the application. Instead grant the ability to access the procedures that access the tables. When procedure executed it will execute the privilege of procedures owner. Users cannot access tables except via the procedure.

86. What are the dictionary tables used to monitor a database spaces? - DBA_FREE_SPACE DBA_SEGMENTS DBA_DATA_FILES.

87. What are the roles and user accounts created automatically with the database? - DBA - role Contains all database system privileges. SYS user account - The DBA role will be assigned to this account. All of the base tables and views for the database’s dictionary are store in this schema and are manipulated only by ORACLE. SYSTEM user account - It has all the system privileges for the database and additional tables and views that display administrative information and internal tables and views used by oracle tools are created using this username.

88. What are the minimum parameters should exist in the parameter file (init.ora)? - DB NAME - Must set to a text string of no more than 8 characters and it will be stored inside the datafiles, redo log files and control files and control file while database creation. DB_DOMAIN - It is string that specifies the network domain where the database is created. The global database name is identified by setting these parameters (DB_NAME & DB_DOMAIN) CONTORL FILES - List of control filenames of the database. If name is not mentioned then default name will be used. DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS - To determine the no of buffers in the buffer cache in SGA. PROCESSES - To determine number of operating system processes that can be connected to ORACLE concurrently. The value should be 5 (background process) and additional 1 for each user. ROLLBACK_SEGMENTS - List of rollback segments an ORACLE instance acquires at database startup. Also optionally LICENSE_MAX_SESSIONS,LICENSE_SESSION_WARNING and LICENSE_MAX_USERS.

89. How can we specify the Archived log file name format and destination? - By setting the following values in init.ora file. LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT = arch %S/s/T/tarc (%S - Log sequence number and is zero left padded, %s - Log sequence number not padded. %T - Thread number left-zero- padded and %t - Thread number not padded). The file name created is arch 0001 are if %S is used. LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST = path.

90. What is user Account in Oracle database? - An user account is not a physical structure in Database but it is having important relationship to the objects in the database and will be having certain privileges. 95. When will the data in the snapshot log be used? - We must be able to create a after row trigger on table (i.e., it should be not be already available) After giving table privileges. We cannot specify snapshot log name because oracle uses the name of the master table in the name of the database objects that support its snapshot log. The master table name should be less than or equal to 23 characters. (The table name created will be MLOGS_tablename, and trigger name will be TLOGS name).

91. What dynamic data replication? - Updating or Inserting records in remote database through database triggers. It may fail if remote database is having any problem.

92. What is Two-Phase Commit? - Two-phase commit is mechanism that guarantees a distributed transaction either commits on all involved nodes or rolls back on all involved nodes to maintain data consistency across the global distributed database. It has two phase, a Prepare Phase and a Commit Phase.

93. How can you Enforce Referential Integrity in snapshots? - Time the references to occur when master tables are not in use. Peform the reference the manually immdiately locking the master tables. We can join tables in snopshots by creating a complex snapshots that will based on the master tables.

94. What is a SQL * NET? - SQL *NET is ORACLE’s mechanism for interfacing with the communication protocols used by the networks that facilitate distributed processing and distributed databases. It is used in Clint-Server and Server-Server communications.

95. What is a SNAPSHOT? - Snapshots are read-only copies of a master table located on a remote node which is periodically refreshed to reflect changes made to the master table.

96. What is the mechanism provided by ORACLE for table replication? - Snapshots and SNAPSHOT LOGs

97. What is snapshots? - Snapshot is an object used to dynamically replicate data between distribute database at specified time intervals. In ver 7.0 they are read only.

98. What are the various type of snapshots? - Simple and Complex.

99. Describe two phases of Two-phase commit? - Prepare phase - The global coordinator (initiating node) ask a participants to prepare (to promise to commit or rollback the transaction, even if there is a failure) Commit - Phase - If all participants respond to the coordinator that they are prepared, the coordinator asks all nodes to commit the transaction, if all participants cannot prepare, the coordinator asks all nodes to roll back the transaction.

100. What is snapshot log? - It is a table that maintains a record of modifications to the master table in a snapshot. It is stored in the same database as master table and is only available for simple snapshots. It should be created before creating snapshots.

101. What are the benefits of distributed options in databases? - Database on other servers can be updated and those transactions can be grouped together with others in a logical unit. Database uses a two phase commit.

102. What are the options available to refresh snapshots? - COMPLETE - Tables are completely regenerated using the snapshots query and the master tables every time the snapshot referenced. FAST - If simple snapshot used then a snapshot log can be used to send the changes to the snapshot tables. FORCE - Default value. If possible it performs a FAST refresh; Otherwise it will perform a complete refresh.

103. What is a SNAPSHOT LOG? - A snapshot log is a table in the master database that is associated with the master table. ORACLE uses a snapshot log to track the rows that have been updated in the master table. Snapshot logs are used in updating the snapshots based on the master table.

104. What is Distributed database? - A distributed database is a network of databases managed by multiple database servers that appears to a user as single logical database. The data of all databases in the distributed database can be simultaneously accessed and modified.

105. How can we reduce the network traffic? - Replication of data in distributed environment. - Using snapshots to replicate data. - Using remote procedure calls.

106. Differentiate simple and complex, snapshots? - A simple snapshot is based on a query thaat does not contains GROUP BY clauses, CONNECT BY clauses, JOINs, sub-query or snapshot of operations. - A complex snapshots contain at least any one of the above.

107. What are the Built-ins used for sending Parameters to forms? - You can pass parameter values to a form when an application executes the call_form, New_form, Open_form or Run_product.

108. Can you have more than one content canvas view attached with a window? - Yes. Each window you create must have at least one content canvas view assigned to it. You can also create a window that has manipulated content canvas view. At run time only one of the content canvas views assign to a window is displayed at a time.

109. Is the After report trigger fired if the report execution fails? - Yes.

110. Does a Before form trigger fire when the parameter form is suppressed? - Yes.

111. Is it possible to split the print reviewer into more than one region? - Yes

112. Is it possible to center an object horizontally in a repeating frame that has a variable horizontal size? - Yes

113. For a field in a repeating frame, can the source come from the column which does not exist in the data group which forms the base for the frame? - Yes

114. Can a field be used in a report without it appearing in any data group? - Yes

115. The join defined by the default data link is an outer join yes or no? - Yes

116. Can a formula column referred to columns in higher group? - Yes

117. Can a formula column be obtained through a select statement? - Yes

118. Is it possible to insert comments into sql statements return in the data model editor? - Yes

119. Is it possible to disable the parameter from while running the report? - Yes

120. When a form is invoked with call_form, Does oracle forms issues a save point? - Yes

121. Can a property clause itself be based on a property clause? - Yes

122. If a parameter is used in a query without being previously defined, what diff. exist between report 2.0 and 2.5 when the query is applied? - While both reports 2.0 and 2.5 create the parameter, report 2.5 gives a message that a bind parameter has been created.

123. What are the SQL clauses supported in the link property sheet? - Where start with having.

124. What is trigger associated with the timer? - When-timer-expired.

125. What are the trigger associated with image items? - When-image-activated fires when the operators double clicks on an image itemwhen-image-pressed fires when an operator clicks or double clicks on an image item

126. What are the different windows events activated at runtimes? - When_window_activated When_window_closed When_window_deactivated When_window_resized Within this triggers, you can examine the built in system variable system. event_window to determine the name of the window for which the trigger fired.

127. When do you use data parameter type? - When the value of a data parameter being passed to a called product is always the name of the record group defined in the current form. Data parameters are used to pass data to produts invoked with the run_product built-in subprogram.

128. What is difference between open_form and call_form? - when one form invokes another form by executing open_form the first form remains displayed, and operators can navigate between the forms as desired. when one form invokes another form by executing call_form, the called form is modal with respect to the calling form. That is, any windows that belong to the calling form are disabled, and operators cannot navigate to them until they first exit the called form.

129. What is new_form built-in? - When one form invokes another form by executing new_form oracle form exits the first form and releases its memory before loading the new form calling new form completely replace the first with the second. If there are changes pending in the first form, the operator will be prompted to save them before the new form is loaded.

130. What is the “LOV of Validation” Property of an item? - What is the use of it? - When LOV for Validation is set to True, Oracle Forms compares the current value of the text item to the values in the first column displayed in the LOV. Whenever the validation event occurs. If the value in the text item matches one of the values in the first column of the LOV, validation succeeds, the LOV is not displayed, and processing continues normally. If the value in the text item does not match one of the values in the first column of the LOV, Oracle Forms displays the LOV and uses the text item value as the search criteria to automatically reduce the list.

131. What is the diff. when Flex mode is mode on and when it is off? - When flex mode is on, reports automatically resizes the parent when the child is resized.

132. What is the diff. when confine mode is on and when it is off? - When confine mode is on, an object cannot be moved outside its parent in the layout.

133. What are visual attributes? - Visual attributes are the font, color, pattern proprieties that you set for form and menu objects that appear in your application interface.

134. Which of the two views should objects according to possession? - view by structure.

135. What are the two types of views available in the object navigator (specific to report 2.5)? - View by structure and view by type .

136. What are the vbx controls? - Vbx control provide a simple method of building and enhancing user interfaces. The controls can use to obtain user inputs and display program outputs.vbx control where originally develop as extensions for the ms visual basic environments and include such items as sliders, rides and knobs.

137. What is the use of transactional triggers? - Using transactional triggers we can control or modify the default functionality of the oracle forms.

138. How do you create a new session while open a new form? - Using open_form built-in setting the session option Ex. Open_form (’Stocks ‘,active,session). when invoke the mulitiple forms with open form and call_form in the same application, state whether the following are true/False

139. What are the ways to monitor the performance of the report? - Use reports profile executable statement. Use SQL trace facility.

140. If two groups are not linked in the data model editor, What is the hierarchy between them? - Two group that is above are the left most rank higher than the group that is to right or below it.